Pascal - record 记录
Pascal 数组允许您定义可以保存多个相同类型数据项的变量类型,但记录是 Pascal 中提供的另一种用户定义数据类型,它允许您组合不同类型的数据项。
记录由不同的字段组成。 假设您想要跟踪图书馆中的图书,您可能需要跟踪每本书的以下属性 −
- Title
- Author
- Subject
- Book ID
定义记录
要定义记录类型,您可以使用类型声明语句。 记录类型定义为 −
type record-name = record field-1: field-type1; field-2: field-type2; ... field-n: field-typen; end;
以下是您声明 Book 记录的方式 −
type Books = record title: packed array [1..50] of char; author: packed array [1..50] of char; subject: packed array [1..100] of char; book_id: integer; end;
记录变量以通常的方式定义为
var r1, r2, ... : record-name;
或者,您可以直接将记录类型变量定义为 −
var Books : record title: packed array [1..50] of char; author: packed array [1..50] of char; subject: packed array [1..100] of char; book_id: integer; end;
访问记录的字段
要访问记录的任何字段,我们使用成员访问运算符 (.)。 成员访问运算符被编码为记录变量名称和我们希望访问的字段之间的句点。 下面举例说明结构体的用法 −
program exRecords; type Books = record title: packed array [1..50] of char; author: packed array [1..50] of char; subject: packed array [1..100] of char; book_id: longint; end; var Book1, Book2: Books; (* Declare Book1 and Book2 of type Books *) begin (* book 1 specification *) Book1.title := 'C Programming'; Book1.author := 'Nuha Ali '; Book1.subject := 'C Programming Tutorial'; Book1.book_id := 6495407; (* book 2 specification *) Book2.title := 'Telecom Billing'; Book2.author := 'Zara Ali'; Book2.subject := 'Telecom Billing Tutorial'; Book2.book_id := 6495700; (* print Book1 info *) writeln ('Book 1 title : ', Book1.title); writeln('Book 1 author : ', Book1.author); writeln( 'Book 1 subject : ', Book1.subject); writeln( 'Book 1 book_id : ', Book1.book_id); writeln; (* print Book2 info *) writeln ('Book 2 title : ', Book2.title); writeln('Book 2 author : ', Book2.author); writeln( 'Book 2 subject : ', Book2.subject); writeln( 'Book 2 book_id : ', Book2.book_id); end.
当上面的代码被编译并执行时,会产生以下结果 −
Book 1 title : C Programming Book 1 author : Nuha Ali Book 1 subject : C Programming Tutorial Book 1 book_id : 6495407 Book 2 title : Telecom Billing Book 2 author : Zara Ali Book 2 subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial Book 2 book_id : 6495700
记录为子程序参数
您可以将记录作为子程序参数传递,其方式与传递任何其他变量或指针非常相似。 您可以按照与上例中访问的方式类似的方式访问记录字段 −
program exRecords; type Books = record title: packed array [1..50] of char; author: packed array [1..50] of char; subject: packed array [1..100] of char; book_id: longint; end; var Book1, Book2: Books; (* Declare Book1 and Book2 of type Books *) (* procedure declaration *) procedure printBook( var book: Books ); begin (* print Book info *) writeln ('Book title : ', book.title); writeln('Book author : ', book.author); writeln( 'Book subject : ', book.subject); writeln( 'Book book_id : ', book.book_id); end; begin (* book 1 specification *) Book1.title := 'C Programming'; Book1.author := 'Nuha Ali '; Book1.subject := 'C Programming Tutorial'; Book1.book_id := 6495407; (* book 2 specification *) Book2.title := 'Telecom Billing'; Book2.author := 'Zara Ali'; Book2.subject := 'Telecom Billing Tutorial'; Book2.book_id := 6495700; (* print Book1 info *) printbook(Book1); writeln; (* print Book2 info *) printbook(Book2); end.
当上面的代码被编译并执行时,会产生以下结果 −
Book 1 title : C Programming Book 1 author : Nuha Ali Book 1 subject : C Programming Tutorial Book 1 book_id : 6495407 Book 2 title : Telecom Billing Book 2 author : Zara Ali Book 2 subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial Book 2 book_id : 6495700
指向记录的指针
您可以按照与定义指向任何其他变量的指针非常相似的方式定义指向记录的指针,如下所示 −
type record-ptr = ^ record-name; record-name = record field-1: field-type1; field-2: field-type2; ... field-n: field-typen; end;
现在,您可以将记录类型变量的地址存储在上面定义的指针变量中。 要声明创建的指针类型的变量,请使用 var 关键字 −
var r1, r2, ... : record-ptr;
在使用这些指针之前,您必须为记录名称类型变量创建存储空间,该变量将由这些指针操作。
new(r1); new(r2);
要使用指向记录的指针访问该记录的成员,必须使用 ^. 运算符如下 −
r1^.feild1 := value1; r1^.feild2 := value2; ... r1^fieldn := valuen;
最后,当不再使用时,不要忘记处理用过的存储空间 −
dispose(r1); dispose(r2);
让我们使用指向 Books 记录的指针重写第一个示例。 希望这能让您轻松理解这个概念 −
program exRecords; type BooksPtr = ^ Books; Books = record title: packed array [1..50] of char; author: packed array [1..50] of char; subject: packed array [1..100] of char; book_id: longint; end; var (* Declare Book1 and Book2 of pointer type that refers to Book type *) Book1, Book2: BooksPtr; begin new(Book1); new(book2); (* book 1 specification *) Book1^.title := 'C Programming'; Book1^.author := 'Nuha Ali '; Book1^.subject := 'C Programming Tutorial'; Book1^.book_id := 6495407; (* book 2 specification *) Book2^.title := 'Telecom Billing'; Book2^.author := 'Zara Ali'; Book2^.subject := 'Telecom Billing Tutorial'; Book2^.book_id := 6495700; (* print Book1 info *) writeln ('Book 1 title : ', Book1^.title); writeln('Book 1 author : ', Book1^.author); writeln( 'Book 1 subject : ', Book1^.subject); writeln( 'Book 1 book_id : ', Book1^.book_id); (* print Book2 info *) writeln ('Book 2 title : ', Book2^.title); writeln('Book 2 author : ', Book2^.author); writeln( 'Book 2 subject : ', Book2^.subject); writeln( 'Book 2 book_id : ', Book2^.book_id); dispose(Book1); dispose(Book2); end.
当上面的代码被编译并执行时,会产生以下结果 −
Book 1 title : C Programming Book 1 author : Nuha Ali Book 1 subject : C Programming Tutorial Book 1 book_id : 6495407 Book 2 title : Telecom Billing Book 2 author : Zara Ali Book 2 subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial Book 2 book_id : 6495700
With 语句
我们已经讨论过可以使用成员访问运算符 (.) 来访问记录的成员。 这样每次都必须写入记录变量的名称。 With 语句提供了一种替代方法。
看看下面的代码片段,取自我们的第一个示例 −
(* book 1 specification *) Book1.title := 'C Programming'; Book1.author := 'Nuha Ali '; Book1.subject := 'C Programming Tutorial'; Book1.book_id := 6495407;
可以使用 With 语句编写相同的赋值,如下所示 −
(* book 1 specification *) With Book1 do begin title := 'C Programming'; author := 'Nuha Ali '; subject := 'C Programming Tutorial'; book_id := 6495407; end;