处理 HTTP 请求的响应

在本章中，我们将详细介绍从请求模块收到的响应。我们将讨论以下细节 −

• 获取响应
• JSON 响应
• RAW 响应
• 二进制响应

获取响应

我们将使用 request.get() 方法向 URL 发出请求。

import 请求
getdata = request.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users');

getdata 有响应对象。它包含响应的所有详细信息。我们可以通过两种方式获得响应，即 (text) 和 (.content)。使用 response.text 将以文本格式返回数据，如下所示 −

示例

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
[
   {
      "id": 1,
      "name": "Leanne Graham",
      "username": "Bret",
      "email": "Sincere@april.biz",
      "address": {
         "street": "Kulas Light",
         "suite": "Apt. 556",
         "city": "Gwenborough",
         "zipcode": "92998-3874",
        "geo": {
            "lat": "-37.3159",
            "lng": "81.1496"
         }
      },
      "phone": "1-770-736-8031 x56442",
      "website": "hildegard.org",
      "company": {
         "name": "Romaguera-Crona",
         "catchPhrase": "Multi-layered client-server neural-net",
         "bs": "harness real-time e-markets"
      }
   },
]

您将看到响应与浏览器中查看 URL 源代码时显示的内容相同，如下所示 −

您还可以尝试 .html URL 并使用 response.text 查看内容，它将与浏览器中 .html URL 的查看源代码内容相同。

现在，让我们对同一 URL 尝试 response.content 并查看输出。

示例

import requests
getdata = requests.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users')
print(getdata.content)

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
b'[
 {
 "id": 1,
 "name": "Leanne Graham",
 "username": "Bret",

"email": "Sincere@april.biz",
 "address": {
 "street": "Kulas Light
",
 "suite": "Apt. 556",
 "city": "Gwenborough",
 "zipcode": "
92998-3874",
 "geo": {
 "lat": "-37.3159",
 "lng": "81.149
6"
 }
 },
 "phone": "1-770-736-8031 x56442",
 "website": "hild
egard.org",
 "company": {
 "name": "Romaguera-Crona",
 "catchPhr
ase": "Multi-layered client-server neural-net",
 "bs": "harness real-time
e-markets"
 }
 },
 {
 "id": 2,
 "name": "Ervin Howell",

"username": "Antonette",
 "email": "Shanna@melissa.tv",
 "address": {

"street": "Victor Plains",
 "suite": "Suite 879",
 "city": "Wisoky
burgh",
 "zipcode": "90566-7771",
 "geo": {
 "lat": "-43.950
9",
 "lng": "-34.4618"
 }
 },
 "phone": "010-692-6593 x091
25",
 "website": "anastasia.net",
 "company": {
 "name": "Deckow-Crist",

 "catchPhrase": "Proactive didactic contingency",
 "bs":
"synergize scalable supply-chains"
 }
 },
 {
 "id": 3,
 "name": 
"Clementine Bauch",
 "username": "Samantha",
 "email":
"Nathan@yesenia.net",

 "address": {
 "street": "Douglas Extension",
 "suite": "Suite
847",
 "city": "McKenziehaven",
 "zipcode": "59590-4157",
 "ge
o": {
 "lat": "-68.6102",
 "lng": "-47.0653"
 }
 },

响应以字节为单位。您将在响应开头看到一个字母 b。使用请求模块，您可以获取所使用的编码，并根据需要更改编码。例如，要获取编码，您可以使用 response.encoding。

print(getdata.encoding)

输出

utf-8

您可以按如下方式更改编码 − 您可以使用您选择的编码。

getdata.encoding = 'ISO-8859-1'

JSON 响应

您还可以使用 response.json() 方法以 json 格式获取 Http 请求的响应，如下所示 −

示例

import requests
getdata = requests.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users')
print(getdata.json())

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
[{'id': 1, 'name': 'Leanne Graham', 'username': 'Bret', 'email': 'Sincere@april.
biz', 'address': {'street': 'Kulas Light', 'suite': 'Apt. 556', 'city': 'Gwenborough', 
'zipcode': '92998-3874', 'geo': {'lat': '-37.3159', 'lng': '81.1496'}},
'
phone': '1-770-736-8031 x56442', 'website': 'hildegard.org', 'company': {'name':
'Romaguera-Crona', 'catchPhrase': 'Multi-layered client-server neural-net', 'bs': 
'harness real-time e-markets'}}]

原始响应

如果您需要 Http URL 的原始响应，则可以使用 response.raw，还可以在 get 方法中添加 stream = True，如下所示 −

示例

import requests
getdata = requests.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users', stream=True)
print(getdata.raw)

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
<urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x000000A8833D7B70>

要从原始数据中读取更多内容，您可以按如下方式操作 −

print(getdata.raw.read(50))

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
b'\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x95\x98[o\xe38\x12\x85\xdf\xe7W\x10y\
xda\x01F\x82.\xd4m\x9f\xdc\x9dd\xba\xb7\x93\xf4\x06q\xef4\x06\x83A@K\x15\x89m'

二进制响应

要获取二进制响应，我们可以使用 response.content。

示例

import requests
getdata = requests.get('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users')
print(getdata.content)

输出

E:\prequests>python makeRequest.py
b'[
 {
 "id": 1,
 "name": "Leanne Graham",
 "username": "Bret",

"email": "Sincere@april.biz",
 "address": {
 "street": "Kulas Light
",
 "suite": "Apt. 556",
 "city": "Gwenborough",
 "zipcode": "
92998-3874",
 "geo": {
 "lat": "-37.3159",
 "lng": "81.149
6"
 }
 },
 "phone": "1-770-736-8031 x56442",
 "website": 
"hildegard.org",
 "company": {
 "name": "Romaguera-Crona",
 "catchPhr
ase": "Multi-layered client-server neural-net",
 "bs": "harness real-time
e-markets"
 }
 },
 {
 "id": 2,
 "name": "Ervin Howell",
 "us
ername": "Antonette",
 "email": "Shanna@melissa.tv",
 "address": {

"street": "Victor Plains",
 "suite": "Suite 879",
 "city": "Wisoky
burgh",
 "zipcode": "90566-7771",
 "geo": {
 "lat": "-43.950
9",
 "lng": "-34.4618"
 }
 },
 "phone": "010-692-6593 x091
25",
 "website": "anastasia.net",
 "company": {
 "name": "Deckow-Crist",

 "catchPhrase": "Proactive didactic contingency",
 "bs": "syn
ergize scalable supply-chains"
 }
 },
 {
 "id": 3,
 "name":
"Clementine Bauch",
 "username": "Samantha",
 "email": "Nathan@yesenia.net",

 "address": {
 "street": "Douglas Extension",
 "suite": "Suite
847",
 "city": "McKenziehaven",
 "zipcode": "59590-4157",
 "
geo": {
 "lat": "-68.6102",
 "lng": "-47.0653"
 }
 },

响应以字节为单位给出。您将在响应开头看到一个字母 b。二进制响应主要用于非文本请求。