Java 函数式编程 - 并行性

并行性是函数式编程的一个关键概念，其中大任务通过分解成较小的独立任务来完成，然后这些小任务以并行方式完成，然后组合起来给出完整的结果。随着多核处理器的出现，这种技术有助于加快代码执行速度。Java 具有基于线程的编程支持并行处理，但学习起来相当繁琐，并且很难实现没有错误。从 Java 8 开始，流具有并行方法，集合具有 parallelStream() 方法来以并行方式完成任务。请参阅以下示例:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

public class FunctionTester {
   public static void main(String[] args) {

      Integer[] intArray = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };
      List<Integer> listOfIntegers = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(intArray));

      System.out.println("List using Serial Stream:");
      listOfIntegers
         .stream()
         .forEach(e -> System.out.print(e + " "));
      System.out.println("");

      System.out.println("List using Parallel Stream:");
      listOfIntegers
         .parallelStream()
         .forEach(e -> System.out.print(e + " "));
      System.out.println("");

      System.out.println("List using Another Parallel Stream:");
      listOfIntegers
         .stream()
         .parallel()
         .forEach(e -> System.out.print(e + " "));
      System.out.println("");

      System.out.println("List using Parallel Stream but Ordered:");
      listOfIntegers
         .parallelStream()
         .forEachOrdered(e -> System.out.print(e + " "));
         System.out.println(""); 
   } 
}

输出

List using Serial Stream:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
List using Parallel Stream:
6 5 8 7 3 4 2 1 
List using Another Parallel Stream:
6 2 1 7 4 3 8 5 
List using Parallel Stream but Ordered:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8